Moving Further South
So, here we are in January of 1820 and my great-great-grandparents, William Jordan and Mary Eliza (Baker) Armistead, are newlyweds, living in Washington County, NC. Financially they appear to be in good shape and I believe they had confidence in their future. After all, in 1820 they were citizens of a young, rapidly growing nation that offered many opportunities for people to be successful.
Let's take a look at the early 1820s and see what my Armistead ancestors experienced along with the other folks in the country at that time. In 1820 President James Monroe was elected to a second term in office, which he began serving in 1821. In July of that year the United States officially took possession of the Florida territory from Spain and then in an action that would prove significant to the Armistead family over the coming years, the Florida Territory was recognized as an official territory of the United States in March of 1822. (1)
Description: Map of the states and territories of the United States as it was from 1822 to 1824. On March 30 1822, the two Floridas were organized as Florida Territory. On November 15 1824, Arkansas Territory shrank, the western portion becoming unorganized.
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This is a great map (see above) showing how the country was growing. I'm throwing out this tease to pay attention to Florida Territory becoming US territory because Florida will prove very important to several branches of the Armistead and Baker families during this and the next few decades.
I am going to run through a portion of a pedigree chart and explain how two lines of Armisteads are related. It is important because I think the movement of these Armisteads was coordinated or at least they had knowledge of each other and one line had an influence on the other. Of course there is always that other option I could choose, that it was total coincidence, but that is no fun so I am going on the theory it was somehow coordinated.
Software MacKiev, copyright 2017.
This may be confusing so don't fret if you can't follow all of it. Just know that the people I am writing about are all related. My line going backwards goes from my great-great-grandfather, William Jordan Armistead, to my great-great-great-grandfather, Jordan, then great-great-great-great-grandfather, William, and finally 5 times great-grandfather Anthony Armistead (I got tired of typing "great"). So now I am at the top and I will go back down a different branch. Anthony Armistead's first son was named John Armistead (1) (my 4 times great-grand uncle) and he was half-brother to my 4 times great-grandfather, William, same father but different mothers. This John Armistead (1) had a son named (you guessed it - why make it easy) John (2) and they lived in Virginia. John Armistead (2) in turn had sons named Marcus Aurelius Armistead (Very interesting that I now have a grandson named Marcus although he was not named for this person) and Latinus Armistead. I love this John (2) because he used new and very original names for his kids. Sure makes it easier to trace.
It is not so terribly important you follow all this. The point is that Marcus Aurelius and Latinus of Virginia were cousins to William Jordan Armistead, my great-great-grandfather. By the late 1820s these two lines of Armisteads along with Simmons Jones Baker's family (Mary Eliza's father) started moving to Florida.
Oh, before I move on, I have to relate an interesting tidbit about John Armistead's sons names. In her book "The Armistead Family", Virginia Armistead Garber wrote, "There is a tradition in the family that ... John A(rmistead) became involved in some feud with his family or kin, (and) vowed he would never give another child a family name. With Spartan determination, he kept his vow. Therefore the old Roman names that have descended in his line." John's sons were Marcus Aurelius and Latinus, as mentioned above, and also Fabian, Ajax, Lycurgus, and Leander. (2)
Now that you are thoroughly confused with the pedigree chart, I am switching back to historical facts of the middle and later 1820s. In 1824 the election for the 6th president of the U.S. turned into behind the scenes politics and high intrigue. General Andrew Jackson, his popularity heightened by his exploits in the War of 1812 at the Battle of New Orleans and his actions in the Seminole War of 1818, ran against John Quincy Adams, the son of former president John Adams, for President of the United States. When the results were all in, the popular vote was 155,872 for Jackson and 105,321 for John Quincy Adams. Of course we all know, from our recent elections, the popular vote doesn't really mean anything, what is important is the electoral vote. In the electoral vote, however, Andrew Jackson also led with 99 votes to Adams 84 votes. As you can see he was ahead in the electoral vote but because there were other people running, who also garnered electoral votes, Jackson's total was not a majority of the electoral votes. After some back room political deals were done, John Quincy Adams was chosen by the House of Representatives to be the next president. (3)
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John Quincy Adams served only one term, however, as Jackson used the political deals made in the House of Representatives, what he called "back room deals", to his advantage when he ran against Adams in 1828. He received a majority of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral college vote and became the 7th President of the United states.
Description: Andrew Jackson (1767 – 1845)English: Portrait of Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States
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In one of those fascinating occurrences in history that happens from time to time, two of our greatest founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, two people that were instrumental in helping to create this country, lay dying. The date was July 4, 1826, Independence Day. They had worked together on writing and signing the Declaration of Independence, then on waging a successful war against Great Britain, and finally on helping to write and put together the U.S. Constitution. Through the years they had been collaborators, then political opponents, and then, after the bruising election of 1800, bitter opponents. After Adams and then Jefferson left the Presidency, they refused to communicate with each other for years. Finally, a mutual friend somehow convinced them they should at least write a letter. Adams wrote Jefferson first and then Jefferson responded. These two political opponents found they had so much in common, reestablished their once amicable relationship, and started a prolific correspondence. Over the next fourteen years they exchanged over 150 letters. They became dear friends in retirement years as they discussed and debated all the current topics. On that day, July 4, 1826, each one of the former presidents, when they new that death was at hand, expressed satisfaction that the other one still survived. Of course they never knew, but they both died on the same day, Independence Day, 1826, fifty years after the Declaration of Independence. (4)
While these things were happening, William Jordan Armistead and Mary E. E. (Baker) Armistead were rapidly expanding their family. In 1822, Ann Penelope was born to the couple, 1824, William Jordan, Jr., 1826, Simmons Baker, and 1828, Jordan. These four children are all recorded as having been born in North Carolina. Apparently the family made the decision and moved to Florida between 1828 and 1830 because the next child, James Perry was born in 1830 and the 1830 Census shows the family living in Magnolia, Leon County, Florida.
Title: 1830 United States Fedeeral Census.
Author: Ancestry.com
Publisher: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.
Publisher Date: 2010
Publisher Location: Provo, UT, USA
Repository Information Name: Ancestry.com
Address: http://www.Ancestry.com
One big reason might be the one I already mentioned, fertile soil. In the book Creating the Old South, the author, Edward E. Baptist, makes this statement: "In the early 1820s, Surveyor John Lee Williams produced a series of newspaper articles that described the area of fertile soil that stretched from the Apalachicola Valley to the Suwanee. He ventured his opinion that the small trading post at St. Marks 'will even be the principal port of this section of land'." The author goes on to write how the fertile soil and optimum growing conditions would allow for growing cotton and then says, "In fact, the earliest pioneers were supposedly already raising prodigious quantities on the new soil, under the sun of the long growing season. A Leon County correspondent reported in 1826 that "Cotton was as high as my head on horseback." (5)
If all the flowery statements and fantastic claims about cotton and tobacco were not enough to get settlers to Florida Territory, there were additional claims as well. Baptist goes on to write in his book, "Even more significantly, Middle Florida's climate appeared to permit the cultivation of sugar cane. Sugar was, in the words of one Middle Florida settler, a 'higher game,' played for deeper stakes than cotton. Planters in Virginia or the Carolinas knew tobacco and cotton and the rewards, and failures those crops could offer, but sugar promised something far greater." Later on Baptist writes, "Would-be settlers eagerly consumed claims made by the Tallahassee Floridian that cane planted in Leon County hammocks or Jackson County's floodplains would produce 'equal if not superior to the best Mississippi [River] bottoms' in Louisiana. The article, which was copied in the national press, reported that 'We have now in our office ten stalks of sugarcane, raised on the plantation of Dr. Weedon, the produce of a single joint, weighing fifty and a half pounds'." (6)
It seems that the Armisteads and Bakers responded to all of these proclamations about how The Florida Territory was so fantastic. Remember that Florida was not a state at this time, so these families were leaving a settled state in the United States and moving to settle in the Territory of Florida. It was a territory of the U.S. but far from having the same local and state governments, towns, etc., that existed in North Carolina. In fact there was considerable unrest amongst the Native Americans in the area, even though the first Seminole War had just been concluded in 1818-1819.
The first Seminole War had been fought in 1818 and General Jackson crossed through this area to remove the Native Americans inhabiting the area. He was the first military governor in 1821. Jackson County was named for General Jackson when it was established in 1822, Gadsden County was named for Jackson's aide-de-camp, James Gadsden in 1823, and Leon County was named for Ponce de Leon, in 1824. (7) These three counties were where the Armisteads and Bakers settled.
An interesting aside (at least to me) is that my wife's great-great-grandfather, William Bradford Gilchrist Killingsworth, was very likely among those that fought under Jackson in Florida in the First Seminole War in 1818. Records show Killingsworth served as a Sergeant Major in Byrns' Company, 1 Volunteer Mounted Gunmen, West Tennessee, War of 1818 (Seminole Indian Wars). (8) That's all I have found so far. I have no details on how long he served or what battles, etc. he participated in.
I believe the Virginia Armistead brothers, Marcus Aurelius, and Latinus, made the trek to Florida in the 1820s. It is hard to find a date for the exact year they arrived but in Dec of 1827 the Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida approved Latinus and Marcus A. Armistead to have the right to establish a "ferry across the Apalachicola River, at or near the place where the said Armisteads have recently laid out a town called Aspalaga;..." In the book "History of Jackson County", the author states that at the time of the above act, the town of Aspalaga was about a year old, and also found that a Post Office was established there in 1828 and Fabian Armistead, brother of Latinus and Marcus, was appointed as postmaster. (9) The full text of the Legislative Council Act was published on the front page in the January 25, 1828 edition of the "Pensacola Gazette and West Florida Advertiser". On a later page L. & M.A. Armistead placed an advertisement for an "Improved Perpendicular grist Mill" stating they were "authorized Agents of Anthony Bencini, of North Carolina, to do all things necessary for the purpose of selling and conveying the right and privilege of Constructing, Building and using within the Territory of Florida his improved Perpendicular Grist Mill, for Grinding Meal, for which he has obtained a Patent." The cost was $20. (10)
Title: Pensacola Gazette and West Florida Advertiser.
Place of Publication: Pensacola [Fla.]
Publisher: W. Hasell Hunt
Creation Date: January 25, 1828
Publication Date: 1824-1828
Frequency: Weekly
Regular Language: English
The Armistead brothers, Marcus and Latinus, were very active in Florida in the late 1820s and early 1830s as you can see from what I have already mentioned, but in addition they also purchased around 20 plots of land in Jackson, Gadsden, and Leon Counties and made purchases in other counties as well. I assume they were into land speculation functioning as purchasing agents for settlers that planned to move to Florida. (13)
Now if we look at William Jordan Armistead and his family moving to Florida in about 1828 or 1829, it seems to me that that all these Armistead families knew each other and made the move south with the knowledge of all concerned. It would be a really big coincidence if they didn't know anything about the other Armisteads and they moved there about the same time and into the same areas. William Jordan Armistead first lived in Magnolia, Leon County, a town that had just been founded in 1827.
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Description: Map of Magnolia, Florida
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Quoting again from "Jackson County, Florida - A History", Jerrell H Shofner found that "The Armisteads, who came from North Carolina to Apalachicola before settling in Jackson County in 1827, were involved in planting as well as a mercantile business. W.J. Armistead was the most significant planter among them." (14)
Now, referring to William Jordan Armistead's father-in-law, and Mary Elizabeth (Baker) Armistead's father, Simmons Jones Baker, I have this quote "Dr. Simmons J.Baker, already in his senior years when he left North Carolina for Florida in the 1820s, brought with him his sons, James L. G. Baker and Simmons Baker, Jr., both of whom became planters in the Greenwood area and men of public affairs in the county and state." Also, "St. Luke's (Episcopal Church) was consequently organized in March, 1838, by about a dozen families. Dr. Simmons J. Baker, Sr., was the first senior warden, serving in that position until his death in the early 1850s." (15)
The decade of the 1830s opened with my great-great-grandparents living in the Territory of Florida, a part of the United States, but not as yet a state. The U.S. was steadily expanding in numbers, having grown in population by 33% compared to the previous Census, and also having grown in territory. Pioneers opened up the Oregon Trail to the Rocky Mountains (1830) and then crossed the Continental Divide (1832). The first passenger railroad in the U.S., the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (1830), began operation and Pennsylvania's Main Line canal was linked between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh and began operation using a system of ten inclined planes (1834). Inventions and patents came quickly. Cyrus H. McCormick invented the reaper (1831), Henry Blair patented the corn planter (1835), Samuel Colt patented the first revolver (1836), Thomas Davenport patented the electronic printing press (1837), Samuel Morse developed the Morse Code system of communication (1838), the steam shovel was patented by William Otis (1839), Thaddeus Fairbanks invented the platform scales (1839), and Charles Goodyear invented rubber vulcanization (1839). (16)
Description: Martin Van Buren Salted paper print from glass negative 48.3 × 39.7 cm (19 × 15.6 in)Provenance from W.H. Lowdermilk & Co., Rare Books, 1418 F Street, Washington, DC
Date: Between circa 1855 and circa 1858
Source: Metropolitan Museum of Art
Author: Mathew Brady (1822–1896)
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President Jackson earned a second term as president starting in 1833, and then Martin Van Buren followed Jackson in 1837. In 1835 the people of Texas entered into a war against Mexico to win their independence. It is really difficult for me to only write a few words about Texas Independence, the Alamo, and San Jacinto. So many people with huge personalities and interesting stories were involved. Names like Sam Houston, Stephen F. Austin, William Barret Travis, Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, James Fannin, Juan Seguin, and the list goes on and on. If you look down a list of all the prominent names of that time in Texas history you will recognize them as the same as many of our present day cities, counties, and schools. Texas' declaration of Independence was declared on March 2, 1836 but things looked really bad for this declaration to succeed on March 6th when the badly out-numbered men defending the Alamo were overwhelmed and "put to the sword" by the Mexican General Santa Anna and his soldiers. Texas military leaders used the slaughter at the Alamo to motivate it's forces a few weeks later when Texan forces led by General Sam Houston surprised and defeated Santa Anna's much larger army at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21st. Santa Anna was captured and Texas' independence was secured. Of course there is so much more to the story and many books have been written about this time. I like Three Roads to the Alamo, by William C Davis, the story of Crockett, Bowie, and Travis and the paths they took that all ended up at the Alamo. Also, Sam Houston, by James L. Haley and Eighteen Minutes, The Battle of San Jacinto and the Texas Independence Campaign, by Stephen L. Moore.(17)
During the 1830s, and before, many people agitated for something to be done about the "Indian Problem". Eventually politicians passed legislation that resulted in the The Indian Removal Act which was implemented over a six year period. The consequence of the law was it required the removal of native tribes on the east coast to be forced to relocate farther west. Known as the "Trail of Tears" the movement of these tribes to Oklahoma Territory resulted in the deaths of thousands of Native Americans. (18)
Description: Map of the route of the Trails of Tears — depicting the route taken to relocate Native Americans from the Southeastern United States between 1836 and 1839.· The forced march of Cherokee removal from the Southeastern United States for forced relocation to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma).
Date: 4 September 2007
By User:Nikater - Own work by Nikater, submitted to the public domain. Background map courtesy of Demis, www.demis.nl and Wilcomb E. Washburn (Hrsg.) Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 4: History of Indian-White Relations. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1988. ISBN 0-16004-583-5, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2681249
During the decade of the 30s, two more states were admitted to the United States, Arkansas in 1836 and Michigan the following year of 1837. A financial Panic occurred in 1837 that was precipitated by the failure of the big New York City banks (sounds familiar, right?) and in consequence unemployment reached record levels. (19)
But at least I want to end the 1830s on a happy note, for during the decade, German American immigrants introduced to America the tradition of decorating Christmas trees for the Christmas Holidays. You can see below the first published image of a Christmas tree. (20)
Description: First published image of a Christmas tree, frontispiece to Hermann Bokum's 1836 "The Stranger's Gift".
Author: Unattributed
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Now I have my direct ancestors locating in Florida. The Armisteads have migrated over a 200 year period from England to Virginia to North Carolina and now on to Florida. Amazing to me how ready these families were to pack up everything and move hundreds of miles to a totally new territory. I'll discuss the Armisteads time in Florida from the late 1820s up until about 1870 when it was time once again for one of my direct ancestors, my great-grandfather, to pack up and move to.......
Well, you didn't think I was gonna tell ya the answer now did ya? It would spoil my next post. See you in a couple months.
References:
1) http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1820.html "America's Best History - U.S. History Timeline: The1820's". Americasbesthistory.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Dec. 2016.
2) Garber, Virginia Armistead, The Armistead Family, 1635-1910, Whittet & Shepperson, Richmond, VA., 1910, pg 274.
3) http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1830.html "America's Best History - U.S. History Timeline: The1830's". Americasbesthistory.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Dec. 2016.
4) http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1830.html "America's Best History - U.S. History Timeline: The1830's". Americasbesthistory.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Dec. 2016.
5) Baptist, Edward E., Creating an Old South: Middle Florida’s Plantation Frontier before the Civil War, Uncpress.unc.edu, http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/197
6) Ibid.
7) http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1820.html "America's Best History - U.S. History Timeline: The1820's". Americasbesthistory.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Dec. 2016.
8) Indian Wars Service Record Index, The National Archives, NARA Publication number: M629. Index to compiled service records of volunteer soldiers who served during the Indian wars and disturbances from 1815 to 1858.
Accessed from: https://www.fold3.com/title_898/indian_wars_service_record_index#overview
9) Stanley, Randall J., History of Jackson County, Jackson County Historical Society, p.19.
10) Pensacola Gazette and West Florida Advertiser, Publisher: W. Hasell Hunt, Jan. 25, 1828, Pensacola, FL.
11) Baptist, Edward E., Creating an Old South: Middle Florida’s Plantation Frontier before the Civil War, Uncpress.unc.edu, http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/19712) Ibid.
13) Ancestry.com. U.S. General Land Office Records, 1796-1907, (database on-line). Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008.
14) Shofner, Jerrell H., Jackson County, Florida - A History, Marianna, FL, 1985, p. 29.
15) Ibid., p. 63, 179.
16) http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1830.html "America's Best History - U.S. History Timeline: The1830's". Americasbesthistory.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Dec. 2016.
17) http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1830.html "America's Best History - U.S. History Timeline: The1830's". Americasbesthistory.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Dec. 2016.
18) http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1830.html "America's Best History - U.S. History Timeline: The1830's". Americasbesthistory.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Dec. 2016.
19) http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1830.html "America's Best History - U.S. History Timeline: The1830's". Americasbesthistory.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Dec. 2016.
20) http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1830.html "America's Best History - U.S. History Timeline: The1830's". Americasbesthistory.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 Dec. 2016.
